Semester 5

Theory
Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of following diseases: Coconut: wilt and bud
rot; Root (wilt), bud rot, leaf rot, grey leaf blight, Foot rot, stem bleeding, cadangcadang disease,
lethal yellowing; Arecanut: Mahali, foot rot, Stem bleeding, inflorescence die back, yellow leaf
disease, nursery diseases, nutritional disorders, Oil palm: nursery diseases, crown diseases, root
and trunk diseases, bud rot, sudden wilt; Cocoa- black pod rot, Monilia pod rot, Botryodiplodia
pod rot, other pod rot diseases, Cushion gall disease, witches broom, wilts, root disease , cherelle
wilt , swollen shoot; Rubber: Abnormal leaf fall, powdery mildew, stem diseases, root diseases;
Tea -Blister blight, grey blight, thread blight, brown blight, birds eye spot stem and root diseases;
Coffee: rust, leaf spots, coffee berry diseases, root and stem diseases, die back;
Cardamom:azhukal/ capsule rot and clump rot, Katte and other viral disease, other foliar diseases,
nursery diseases; Black pepper: foot rot, slow wilt, pollu disease, bacterial leaf spot ,viral and
phytoplasmal diseases; Betel vine: foot rot, anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot; Ginger: soft rot, leaf
spot, thread blight and bacterial wilt; Turmeric: leaf blotch, leaf spot, rhizome rot and root rot;
Clove: slow decline, root diseases, leaf blight, die back, leaf spot diseases, leaf blotch; Cinnamon:
leaf blight, leaf spot, leaf blotch and die-back symptoms, root diseases; Nutmeg and vanilla: leaf
spots, fruit rot and root diseases.
Banana: Panama wilt, Moko wilt; Viral diseases-Bunchy top, Mosaic, heart rot, infectious
chlorosis and Kokkan, postharvest diseases; Mango: malformation, anthracnose, powdery
mildew, die back, pink disease, sooty mould, red rust, black tip; deficiency diseases; post-harvest
diseases; Cashew: powdery mildew, anthracnose, damping off, pink disease, sooty mould and
inflorescence blight; Grapevine- downy mildew , powdery mildew, anthracnose, black rot, foot
rot, dead arm, rust, bacterial viral and phytoplasmal diseases; Citrus: gummosis, leaf fall and fruit
rot, scab, pink disease, powdery mildew, root rot , felt disease, sooty mould, citrus canker, tristeza,
greening and exocortis, post harvest diseases; Pineapple- fruit rot/ basal rot/heart rot, wilt and
leaf spot; Jack: pink disease, immature fruit rot and post harvest diseases; Papaya: stem/foot rot,
leaf spot, mosaic, leaf curl, post- harvest diseases; Pomegranate: foliage, stem, fruit and root
diseases; Sapota: leaf spot, flat limb, fruit rot; Guava: wilt, canker, dry rot, leaf spot, seedling
blight, post harvest diseases; Mulberry-foliar diseases, stem and root diseases; Apple: scab,
powdery mildew, root rot, collar rot, black rot, fire blight, mosaic, post harvest and non parasitic
diseases; Rose - black spot, powdery mildew, rust, dieback, blight, leaf spot, anthracnose, bacterial
leaf spot and viral diseases; Foliar and flower diseases of Orchids, Anthurium, Dahlia,
Chrysanthemum & Jasmine.
Practical
Identification and histopathological studies of selected diseases of horticultural crops covered in
theory. Field visit for the diagnosis of field problems. Collection and preservation of plant diseased
specimens for Herbarium; Note: Students should submit 50 pressed and well-mounted specimens.
Lecture Schedule
1. Introduction to the study of diseases of horticultural crops, economic importance, symptoms,
causal agents, disease cycle, management.
2. Diseases of coconut, Root (wilt) disease, economic importance, distribution and symptoms on
crown and roots, etiology, disease cycle and integrated management of Root (wilt) disease of
coconut.

3. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of bud rot,
leaf rot, grey leaf blight of coconut.
4. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of Foot
rot and stem bleeding, cadangcadang disease, lethal yellowing and other diseases of unknown
etiology of coconut.
5. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management ofdiseases
ofarecanut- Mahali, foot rot, Stem bleeding, inflorescence die back.
6. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of yellow
leaf disease of arecanut, nursery diseases, stem breaking.
7. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of oil palm, nursery diseases, crown diseases, root and trunk diseases, bud rot, sudden wilt
and other diseases of oil palm.
8. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of cocoa- black pod rot, Monilia pod rot, Botryodiplodia pod rot, other pod rot diseases.
9. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of Cushion
gall disease, witches broom, wilts, root disease, cherellewilt , swollen shoot of cocoa.
10. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of rubber -Abnormal leaf fall, powdery mildew, stem diseases, root diseases.
11. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of tea -Blister blight, grey blight, stem and root diseases.
12. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of Thread
blight, brown blight ,birds eye spot of tea.
13. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of coffee - foliar diseases -rust and leaf spots.
14. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of coffee
berry diseases, root and stem diseases, die back.
15. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of cardamom- azhukal/ capsule rot and clump rot.
16. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle, transmission and integrated
management ofKatte and other viral disease ,other foliar diseases,Nursery diseases.
17. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of black pepper- foot rot and slow wilt.
18. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of
Polludisease , bacterial leaf spot ,viral and phytoplasmal diseases.
19. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of betel vine- foot rot, anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot.
20. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of ginger - soft rot, leaf spot, thread blight and bacterial wilt.
21. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of turmeric, leaf blotch, leaf spot, Rhizome rot and root rot.
22. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of clove - slow decline, root diseases, leaf blight, die back, leaf spot diseases, leaf blotch
23. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of cinnamon - leaf blight, leaf spot, leaf blotch and die-back symptoms, root diseases.
24. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of nutmeg andvanilla - leaf spots, fruit rot and root diseases.
25. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of wilt
diseases of banana- Panama wilt, Moko wilt; Viral diseases-Bunchy top, Mosaic, heart rot,
infectious chlorosis and Kokkan
26. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management ofpost
harvest diseases - Anthracnose, crown rot, black spot, pitting diseases, cigar end rot and pinkmould rot.
27. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of mango- mango malformation, anthracnose, powdery mildew, die back, pink disease, sooty
mould, red rust, black tip; deficiency diseases; post-harvest diseases - Diplodia stem end rot,
anthracnose, soft rot, Black mould rot and Alternaria rot.
28. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management ofdiseases
of cashew - powdery mildew, anthracnose, damping off, pink disease, sooty mould and
inflorescence blight.
29. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of grapevine- downy mildew , powdery mildew, anthracnose, black rot, foot rot, dead arm,
rust, bacterial viral and phytoplasmal diseases.
30. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of citrus-gummosis, leaf fall and fruit rot, scab, pink disease, powdery mildew, root rot , felt
disease, sooty mould, citrus canker, tristeza, greening and exocortis, post harvest diseases.
31. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of
diseases of pineapple- fruit rot/ basal rot/heart rot, wilt and leaf spot; diseases of jack-pink
disease, immature fruit rot and post harvest diseases.
32. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases
of papaya- stem/foot rot, leaf spot, mosaic, leaf curl, post- harvest diseases. Diseases of
pomegranate and ber - foliage, stem, fruit and root diseases.
33. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of
diseases of sapota- leaf spot, flat limb, fruit rot; Diseases of guava, wilt, canker, dry rot, leaf
spot, seedling blight, post harvest diseases.
34. Diseases of mulberry-foliar diseases, stem and root diseases. Economic importance,
symptoms, cause, disease cycle and integrated management of diseases of apple-scab,
powdery mildew, root rot, collar rot, black rot, fire blight, mosaic, post harvest and non
parasitic diseases.
35. Diseases of rose - black spot, powdery mildew, rust, dieback, blight, leaf spot, anthracnose,
bacterial leaf spot and viral diseases.
36. Diseases of orchids and anthurium. Economic importance, symptoms, cause, disease cycle
and integrated management of diseases of dahlia, chrysanthemum & jasmine.

Theory
Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics of entrepreneurs; SWOT
Analysis & achievement motivation, Government policy and programs and institutions for
entrepreneurship development, Impact of economic reforms on Agribusiness/ Agrienterprises,
Entrepreneurial Development Process; Business Leadership Skills; Developing organizational
skill (controlling, supervising, problem solving, monitoring & evaluation), Developing
Managerial skills, Business Leadership Skills ( Direction and motivation Skills), POSDCoRB and
principles of management, Problem solving skill, Supply chain management and Total quality
management, Project Planning network analysis( PERT, CPM), MIS, MBO formulation and report
preparation; financing of enterprise, opportunities for agri-entrepreneurship and rural enterprise.
Practical
Assessing entrepreneurial traits, problem solving skills, managerial skills and achievement
motivation, exercise in creativity, time audit through planning, monitoring and supervision,
identification and selection of business idea, preparation of business plan and proposal writing,
visit to entrepreneurship development institute and entrepreneurs

Theory
Meaning and concept of farm management, objectives and relationship with other sciences.
Meaning and definition of farms, Types and systems of farming and characteristics, factors
determining types and size of farms. Principles of farm management: concept of production
function and its type, use of production function in decision-making on a farm, factor-product,
factor-factor and product-product relationship, law of equi-marginal/or principles of opportunity
cost and law of comparative advantage. Meaning and concept of cost, types of costs and their
interrelationship, importance of cost in managing farm business and estimation of gross farm
income, net farm income, family labor income and farm business income. Farm business analysis:
meaning and concept of farm income and profitability, technical and economic efficiency
measures in crop and livestock enterprises. Importance of farm records and accounts in managing
a farm, various types of farm records needed to maintain on farm, farm inventory, valuation of
farm assets-depreciation- balance sheet, profit and loss accounts. Meaning and importance of farm
planning and budgeting, partial and complete budgeting, steps in farm planning and budgeting-linear programming, appraisal of farm resources, selection of crops and livestock enterprises.
Concept of risk and uncertainty in agricultural production, nature and sources of risks and its
management strategies, Crop/livestock/machinery insurance – weather based crop insurance,
features, determinants of compensation. Concepts of resource economics, differences between
NRE and agricultural economics, unique properties of natural resources. Positive and negative
externalities in agriculture, Inefficiency and welfare loss, solutions, Important issues in economics
and management of common property resources of land, water, pasture and forest resources etc.
Practical
Preparation of farm layout. Determination of cost of fencing of a farm. Computation of
depreciation of farm assets. Application of equi-marginal returns/opportunity cost principle in
allocation of farm resources. Determination of most profitable level of inputs use in a farm
production process. Determination of least cost combination of inputs. Selection of most profitable
enterprise combination. Application of cost principles including CACP concepts in the estimation
of cost of crop and livestock enterprises. Preparation of farm plan and budget, farm records and
accounts and profit & loss accounts. Collection and analysis of data on various resources in India.

Theory
Farming System- importance, and concept, Types and systems and factors affecting types of
farming- Farming system components - Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system,
Plant Interactions- Efficient cropping systems and their evaluation, allied enterprises and their
importance- Cropping systems of Kerala -Rice based, Coconut based systems- Agro forestry -
Tools for determining production and efficiencies of cropping systems-; Sustainable agriculture-
problems and its impact on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation,
conservation agriculture strategies, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA, ecological principles of LEISA and
promising techniquesfor sustainability, Integrated farming system-historical background,
objectives and characteristics, components of IFS and its advantages, Site specific IFS models for
agroclimatic zones- resource use efficiency and optimization techniques- Resource cycling and
flow of energy in different farming system, Homestead farming systems- Good Agricultural
Practices, ITKs and farmer centered techniques and practices- Visit to IFS model in different
agroclimatic zones of state university/institute/famers’ fields
Lecture schedule
1. Farming System- scope, importance and concept- Types and systems and factors affecting
types of farming
2. Farming system- components and features-cropping system and pattern-terms and
definitions
3. Multiple cropping systems – intercropping- ecological basis of intercropping- types
4. Sequential cropping-crop rotation- parallel cropping-companion cropping- mulch farming-
catch cropping- contingency cropping- cover cropping
5. Plant interactions- allelopathy- annidation-competition
6. Evaluation of cropping systems- Criteria for assessment of yield advantage- LER, RYT,
LEC, RCC, Aggressivity, Competition Index, Crop Equivalent Yield, Multiple Cropping Index
7. Cropping Systems in Kerala- Rice based cropping systems
8. Coconut based cropping systems- multitier cropping pattern
9. Agro forestry- major agroforestry practices
10. Allied enterprises and their importance- Integrated farming system-historical background,
objectives and characteristics
11. Components of IFS and its advantages-Resource cycling and flow of energy in different
farming systems
12. Resource use efficiency and optimization techniques- IFS models for agroclimatic zones
13. Homestead farming systems- scope-components- sustainable practices
14. Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact on agriculture, indicators of sustainability,
adaptation and mitigation
15. Conservation agriculture strategies, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA, ecological principles of
LEISA
16. Promising techniquesfor sustainability, improved manure handling-crop residue
management-strategic use of fertilizers and pesticides-water conservation measures
17. Good Agricultural Practices, ITKs and farmer centered techniques and practices
18. Visit to IFS models in different agroclimatic zones of state university/institute/famers’
fields

Theory
Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns for Indian agriculture;
Geo-informatics- definition, concepts, tool and techniques; their use in Precision Agriculture. Crop
discrimination and Yield monitoring, soil mapping; fertilizer recommendation using geospatial
technologies; Spatial data and their management in GIS; Remote sensing concepts and application
in agriculture; Image processing and interpretation; Global positioning system (GPS), components
and its functions; Introduction to crop Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of
Agricultural Inputs; STCR approach for precision agriculture; Nanotechnology, definition,
concepts and techniques, brief introduction about nanoscale effects, nano-particles, nano-
pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors, Use of nanotechnology in seed, water, fertilizer, plant
protection for scaling-up farm productivity.
Practical
Introduction to GIS software, spatial data creation and editing. Introduction to image processing
software. Visual and digital interpretation of remote sensing images. Generation of spectral
profiles of different objects. Supervised and unsupervised classification and acreage estimation.
Multispectral remote sensing for soil mapping. Creation of thematic layers of soil fertility based
on GIS. Creation of productivity and management zones. Fertilizers recommendations based of
VRT and STCR techniques. Crop stress (biotic/abiotic) monitoring using geospatial technology.
Use of GPS for agricultural survey. Formulation, characterization and applications of nanoparticles
in agriculture. Projects formulation and execution related to precision farming
Lecture schedule
1. Precision agriculture- introduction, scope, concepts and techniques , components and its
implications, issues ,role and concerns in Indian agriculture.
2. Geo informatics- definitions and terminology, concepts, techniques and tools ,their use in
precision agriculture.
3. Crop discrimination and Yield monitoring, soil mapping; fertilizer recommendation using
geospatial technologies.
4. GIS -components of GIS, Spatial data and their management ,Graphic representation of
data- Vector /Raster- models-digitization.
5. Data- creation of data- storage of data-geo coding and geo referencing –data file
management –input methods and analysis -overlay analysis- GIS data outputs- maps, graphical
outputs.
6. Remote sensing- concepts – applications in agriculture images – sensor systems-satellites,
types- NOAA satellites, GOES satellites, INSAT,IRS, SEASAT,OCEANSAT-1,IKONOS
7. Digital image processing and interpretation- transformations- DTM, Triangulated
irregular network ( TIN)-Applications of DTM. Application of modelling in agriculture- crop yield
models-simulation models-growth models
8. Global positioning Systems (GPS)- components, functions and applications.
9. Integration of Remote sensing and GIS -need for integration-applications.
10. Soil fertility management- Soil Test crop response ( STCR) studies , Crop Simulation
Models and their uses for optimization of agricultural inputs.

11. Nanotechnology -introduction– history – terminologies – definitions-– basic principles,
concepts, nano scale, nano dimension effects.
12. Nanoparticles, nano materials, nano structures – their properties,
13. Synthesis of nano particles – concepts , up - down and bottom-up approaches, physical
methods – attrition, pyrolysis ,chemical synthesis – soil gel process .
14. Nano structured materials – fullerenes, nano tubes, nano filters, nano clays, nano balls,
bulky balls etc.- properties and synthesis
15. Nano composites – polymers, nano crystals etc. – properties and synthesis
16. Nano technology in Agriculture and allied fields – nano farming , precision farming
17. Nano technology in soil fertility management – nano fertilizers, nano pesticides, soil
binders, nano sensors, smart delivery mechanism to targeted site for promoting nutrient
availability.
18. Use of nanotechnology in seed, water, fertilizer, plant protection for scaling-up farm
productivity.
Practical schedule
1. Introduction to GIS software,
2. Spatial data creation and editing.
3. Introduction to image processing software.
4. Familiarization with different remote sensing equipments and data products
5. Interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite data for mapping of land resources;
6. Visual and digital interpretation of remote sensing images.
7. Generation of spectral profiles of different objects.
8. Supervised and unsupervised classification and acreage estimation.
9. Use of GIS for soil spatial simulation and analysis
10. Multispectral remote sensing for soil mapping.
11. Creation of thematic layers of soil fertility based on GIS.
12. Creation of productivity and management zones using GIS.
13. Fertilizers recommendations based of VRT and STCR techniques.
14. Crop stress (biotic/abiotic) monitoring using geospatial technology.
15. Use of GPS for agricultural survey.
16. Formulation, characterization and applications of nanoparticles in agriculture.
17. Projects formulation and execution related to precision farming.
18. Visit to nanotechnology centre

Distribution, biology, nature and symptoms of damage and management strategies of major insect
of Plantation crops: coconut, arecanut, rubber, cashew, tea, coffee and cocoa; Spices: pepper,
cardamom, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg, cinnamon and clove; Ornamentals – rose, jasmine, orchid,
anthurium, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, lily, tabernemontana and turf grass; medicinal and
aromatic plants – lemongrass, citronella, eucalyptus, palmorosa, vetiver; forest trees - teak. Stored
products: Primary feeders, secondary feeders, principles of storage to reduce storage losses;
Household, public health poultry and livestock.
Lecture Schedule:
1. Introduction
2-3. Biology and nature and symptoms of damage and management of the pests of coconut
4. Arecanut & rubber
5. Cashew
6. Tea
7. Coffee & cocoa8. Pepper
9. Cardamom, ginger and turmeric
10. Nutmeg, cinnamon and clove
11. Ornamental plants: rose, jasmine orchids, anthurium, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, lily,
Tabernemontana and turfgrass
12. Aromatic plants and medicinal plants- Indian indigo, Plumbago, Indian long pepper,
Tylophora, basil, kacholam and aswagandha
13. Forest trees: teak, ailanthus and bamboo
14. Problems of storage of agricultural products in India-storage losses-principles of grain
storage -sources and kinds of insect infestation in storage-storage practices in India
15. Biology, nature and symptoms of damage of major pests of stored products.
16. Management of pests of stored products
17. Pests of household and public health and their management
18. Pests of livestock and poultry and their management
Practical schedule:
1&2. Identification of life stages and symptoms of damage and management of major pests of
coconut.
3. Arecanut, rubber & cashew.
4. Tea, coffee and cocoa
5. Pepper, ginger & turmeric.
6. Cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon and clove.
7. Ornamental plants.
8. Aromatic and medicinal plants.
9. Forest trees.
10. Pests of stored products.
11. - do-
12. Acquaintance with fumigants and method of room cover fumigation.
13. Identification of life stages and management of household pests.
14. Pests of livestock, poultry and public health.
15 to 17. Field vist to plantations and FCI godowns.
18. Practical Examination

Theory
Indian fruit and vegetable processing industry- Importance, problems & prospects- Physiology of
maturity, ripening and senescence in fruits and vegetables and their chemical composition, - Post
harvest losses - Pre and postharvest factors causing loss and spoilage- Post harvest management
techniques - Pre-cooling- grading and sorting- other operations- washing-sanitization- heat
treatments- waxing- curing etc. Storage systems and storage disorders- Packaging technology-
Government policies, regulations and specifications Marketing systems- Export promotion
agencies- Principles and methods of preservation- drying and dehydration - Thermal processing-
Preservation by ionizing radiations, chemical methods and fermentation- Recent advances in food
preservation techniques- Post harvest technology of coconut, Arecanut, Oil palm, Rubber, Tea,
Coffee, Cocoa & cashew, pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, chilies, Tree spices, essential oil
yielding crops and cut flowers- Industrial waste utilization
Practicals
General guidelines for setting up of a small scale fruit and vegetable processing unit- FSSAI
standards- Analytical methods in quality evaluation of raw material and product quality- TSS,
Acidity, sugars, ascorbic acid etc. Preparation of important fruit and vegetable products- jams,
jellies, pickles, candies, fermented and unfermented beverages, sauces- Commercial production of
processed products- Preparation of coconut, pepper and ginger products- Estimation of spice
essential oils- Solvent extraction of spice oleoresins - Familiarization with different processed
products from spices and plantation crops- Commercial grades of plantation and spices- Visit to
processing units of horticultural crops.

Theory
Importance and scope of fruit crop industry in India, with special reference to Kerala. Cultivation
practices of important tropical , subtropical and temperate fruit crops with reference to their origin,
soil and climatic requirements, botany, important cultivars, plant propagation practices , planting,
after care and management in respect of irrigation, nutrition and other cultural operations. Training
and pruning. Nutrient deficiencies of fruit plants and their correction, intercropping, major
cultivation problems and their control measures, harvesting, yield, storage and marketing.
Application of bioregulators. Post harvest handling technology. Management of major pests and
diseases and physiological disorders. Biotechnology and precision farming in fruit crops.
Familiarization with minor fruit crops. Fruits covered – banana, mango , pineapple, papaya, sapota,
guava, pomegranate. Moraceous and Annonaceous fruits, dates, citrus, grapes, mangosteen,
avocado, litchi, apple, pear, peach, plum, strawberry, cherry, minor fruits.
Practicals
Introduction to fruit plants – vernacular and botanical names, family, description of vegetative,
floral and fruit characters. Nursery operations – production of propagation materials , lifting and
shifting of plants, weeding and hoeing; orchard layout and planting; plant propagation methods-
sexual and asexual. Seed, seed sowing and germination, planting; Vegetative propagation –
budding, grafting, layering . Study of bud take and success of graftage. Irrigation and manuring
operations in orchards, training and pruning of fruit plants. Use of bioregulators in fruit set, fruit
drop, fruit growth and fruit ripening, harvesting handling, sorting, grading, packing and storage.
Visit to tissue culture laboratory, fruit research stations, commercial orchards and nurseries